These datasets have all been explicitly corrected for topographic effects and, with the exception of the CHELSA V1.2 temperature dataset, been based on a large number of stations (≥34,542 for precipitation and ≥20,268 for temperature). To maximize the accuracy and assess uncertainties in map classifications, we combine climatic air temperature and precipitation data from multiple independent sources, including WorldClim V1 and V2, CHELSA V1.2, and CHPclim V1 ( Table 1). Here, we present a new and improved Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for the present (1980–2016) with an unprecedented 0.0083° resolution (approximately 1 km at the equator), providing more accurate representation of highly heterogeneous regions ( Fig. Moreover, since these maps do not include corresponding uncertainty estimates, they may provide users a false sense of confidence. This can lead to widespread misclassifications, particularly in regions with a low station density and/or strong climatic gradients such as mountain ranges 28. 21 are based on a relatively small number of stations. 21 has not been explicitly corrected for topographic effects, which influences air temperature 26 and precipitation 27 in mountainous regions. 22 produced a map (0.083° resolution) based on WorldClim V1 temperature and precipitation datasets 25, which are based on 24,542 and 47,554 stations, respectively.Īll maps have a relatively low resolution (≥0.1°) and the map of Peel et al. map 21 (0.1° resolution) was derived from 4844 air temperature stations and 12,396 precipitation stations. CRU was based on approximately 7000–17,000 stations (depending on the year) and VASClimO on 9343 stations. 20 produced a map (0.5° resolution) based on CRU TS 2.1 23 for temperature and VASClimO V1.1 24 for precipitation. Three recent versions of the world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification exist 20– 22. It is therefore often used as input when analyzing the distribution 4, 16, 17 or growth behavior 18 of species, or to set-up dynamic global vegetation models 19. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is a highly suitable means to aggregate complex climate gradients into a simple but ecologically meaningful classification scheme.
#Daymap 2016 driver#
In species distribution models 12, climate variables are considered the primary driver to explain species ranges at larger spatial extents, while habitat and topography are considered to only be modifiers of plant species distributions at smaller extents 13– 15. This wide use reflects the fact that climate has since long been recognized as the major driver of global vegetation distribution 9– 11. The first version of this classification was developed in the late 19th century 2 it is still widely used today, for many applications and studies conditioned on differences in climatic regimes, such as ecological modeling or climate change impact assessments 3– 8. Considering vegetation as “crystallized, visible climate” 1, this classification aims to empirically map biome distributions around the world: different regions in a similar class share common vegetation characteristics. The classification is based on threshold values and seasonality of monthly air temperature and precipitation. The new maps including the associated confidence maps are freely available via The Köppen-Geiger system classifies climate into five main classes and 30 sub-types. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps.
We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future conditions (2071–2100) under climate change.
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